Switched-resistor sensor bridge, corresponding system and method

ABSTRACT

A sensing bridge includes first and second branches in parallel, the first branch including a first resistor in series with a first switch, the second branch including a second resistor in series with a second switch. Resistances of the resistors vary with a sensed physical variable. The branches switch between first and second phases, with the first switch closed and the second switch open during the first phase, and the first switch open and the second switch closed during the second phase. A reference block generates a control signal from the resistance of the variable resistors during the first and second phases. An oscillator generates an oscillating signal during the first and second phases from the variable sense current during the first and second phases. Processing circuitry determines a value of the sensed physical value from an algebraic combination of the oscillating signal during the first and second phases.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application it a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/437,615, filed Feb. 21, 2017, which claims the priority benefit of Italian Patent Application Number 102016000060487, filed on Jun. 13, 2016; the disclosures of both applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The description relates to sensor bridges. One or more embodiments may apply, for example, to sensor electronics such as pressure sensors, strain gauges, load cells, temperature sensors and the like.

One or more embodiments may apply, for example, to sensor electronic interfaces with reduced dimensions, low supply voltage and low power consumption characteristics for use, for example, in portable, remote and wireless electronic systems for domestic, industrial, biomedical, automotive and consumer applications.

BACKGROUND

While signal conditioning techniques for resistive sensors based on the Wheatstone bridge (WB) circuit are widely used, a Wheatstone bridge configuration may not facilitate achieving low-voltage and low power consumption characteristics.

The sensitivity of a Wheatstone bridge may in fact be of the order of few mV/V (output voltage/excitation voltage), and high excitation voltages and amplification plus filtering stages may be used in order to enhance the signals to the proper input dynamic range of analog to digital converters. This may introduce noise, nonlinearities and increase the overall power consumption.

Moreover, current consumption of a Wheatstone bridge may be high (for example, in the order of mA or higher) and cannot be easily reduced by designing high-resistive sensors, insofar as the resistance of resistive sensors depend on the physical characteristics of the sensor and the physical environment to be measured.

There is a need in the art to dispense with the drawbacks outlined in the foregoing.

SUMMARY

According to one or more embodiments, a switched-resistor sensor bridge is presented.

Sensor electronics such as, for example, MEMS pressure sensors, strain gauges, load cells, temperature sensors and the like for use in, for example, portable, remote and wireless electronic systems for domestic, industrial, biomedical, automotive and consumer applications may be exemplary of devices including one or more embodiments.

One or more embodiments may relate to: a corresponding sensor system, and/or a corresponding method.

One or more embodiments may provide a Switched-Resistor Sensor Bridge (briefly SRSB) wherein the sensor resistive variations of a switched-resistor configuration may be converted into the time (period) or frequency of a signal generated by an oscillator.

In one or more embodiments, sensing information may no longer be conveyed by the amplitude of a voltage signal but rather by a time period or a frequency, which can be filtered in the time-discrete domain and digitized.

One or more embodiments may not require high excitation voltages in order to improve the sensitivity and/or may not involve an amplification stage. In one or more embodiments, currents in switched-resistor branches could be of the order of μAmps.

One or more embodiments may thus facilitate providing low-voltage, low-power consumption solutions, while at the same time providing performance comparable with a conventional Wheatstone bridge configuration in terms of sensitivity, linearity and rejection of common-mode noise and rejection of temperature dependence of resistivity.

One or more embodiments may offer one or more of the following advantages:

-   -   performance comparable to a sensor signal conditioning system         based on a Wheatstone bridge in providing compensation of         temperature dependence of resistivity, good linearity, rejection         of common mode noise;     -   use of (high) excitation voltages may be avoided, which results         in low-voltage, low-power consumption;     -   use of amplification stages may be similarly avoided, which         results in less noise and less power consumption;     -   time-to-digital/frequency-to-digital conversion may be easier to         implement in comparison with conventional analog-to-digital         conversion of a voltage signal (for example, SAR, . . . );     -   current consumption of switched-resistive branches of the order         of μAmps may be achieved in comparison with current consumption         in a Wheatstone bridge in the order of mAmps, thus providing         reduced power consumption;     -   a low power consumption may facilitate providing a passive         wireless sensor network where passive sensor nodes are powered         and controlled by an active RF reader;     -   accuracy may be flexibly enhanced by resorting to a N-cycle         count window and/or a number M of conversion phases for a longer         conversion time.

One embodiment is directed to a circuit including at least one resistive sensing bridge with first and second sensing branches coupled in parallel, the first sensing branch having a first variable resistor in series with a first switch, the second sensing branch having a second variable resistor in series with a second switch. The first variable resistor has a resistance that varies in response to change in a sensed physical variable, and the second variable resistor has a resistance that varies in response to a change in the sensed physical variable. The first and second sensing branches are controlled to switch between first and second phases, with the first switch being closed and the second switch being open during the first phase to generate a variable sense current, and with the first switch being open and the second switch being closed during the second phase to generate the variable sense current. A sensor reference block is configured to generate a control signal as a function of the resistance of the first variable resistor during the first phase and the resistance of the second variable resistor during the second phase. An oscillator generates an oscillating signal during the first phase based upon the variable sense current during the first phase, and during the second phase based upon the variable sense current during the second phase. Processing circuitry is configured to determine a value of the sensed physical variable as a function of an algebraic combination of the oscillating signal during the first phase and the oscillating signal during the second phase.

The first switch may be a first transistor, and the second switch may be a second transistor.

The oscillator may be a current controlled oscillator, and the control signal may be a control current.

The oscillator may be a voltage controlled oscillator, and the control signal may be a control voltage.

The processing circuitry may determine the value of the sensed physical value by: during the first phase, generating the control signal so as to convert variations in the resistance of the first variable resistor to first frequency and/or period variations of the oscillating signal; and during the second phase, generating the control signal so as to convert variations in the resistance of the second variable resistor to second frequency and/or period variations of the oscillating signal.

Also disclosed herein is a circuit including at least one resistive sensing bridge having first and second sensing branches coupled in parallel. The first sensing branch has a first variable resistor in series with a first switch, and the second sensing branch has a second variable resistor in series with a second switch. The first variable resistor has a resistance that varies in response to change in a sensed physical variable, and the second variable resistor has a resistance that varies in response to a change in the sensed physical variable. The first and second sensing branches are controlled to switch between first and second phases, with the first switch being closed and the second switch being open during the first phase, and with the first switch being open and the second switch being closed during the second phase. A sensor reference block has first and second terminals across which a voltage signal is applied. The at least one resistive sensing bridge is coupled between the first and second terminals such that a variable sense current flows in the at the one resistive sensing bridge. The sensor reference block is configured to generate a control signal as a function of the variable sense current, with the variable sense current being a function of the resistance of the first variable resistor during the first phase and the resistance of the second variable resistor during the second phase. An oscillator generates an oscillating signal during the first phase based upon the variable sense current during the first phase, and during the second phase based upon the variable sense current during the second phase. Processing circuitry includes counting circuitry for detecting a frequency of the oscillating signal over a counting window including a plurality of cycles of the oscillating signal, the processing circuitry being configured to determine a value of the sensed physical variable as a function of the frequency of the oscillating signal during the plurality of cycles of the oscillating signal.

A phase generator block may generate first and second phase signals for the first and second switches, with the first phase signal operating to close the first switch and open the second switch during the first phase, and with the second phase signal operating to open the first switch and close the second switch during the second phase.

A logic gate may have a first input coupled to receive the oscillating signal, a second input coupled to receive a count enable signal from the phase generator block, and an output generating a count signal. The count enable signal may be synchronized to the first phase signal and/or second phase signal.

The processing circuitry may receive a representation of the count signal, and detect the frequency of the oscillating signal over the counting window based upon the representation of the count signal.

The at least one resistive sensing bridge, sensor reference block, oscillator, phase generator block, and logic gate may be contained within a sensor node. The processing circuitry may be contained within a reader external to the sensor node.

A transmitter may also be contained within the sensor node and transmits the representation of the count signal, and a receiver may also be contained within the reader, receive the representation of the count signal, and pass the representation of the count signal to the processing circuitry.

The transmitter may transmit the representation of the count signal using carrier based modulation.

The transmitter may transmit the representation of the count signal using backscattering modulation.

The counting circuitry may include a latch module configured to synchronize the counting window with the oscillating signal.

The counting circuitry may include a latch enabled by the oscillating signal, having an input receiving a count enable signal, and having an output. The counting circuitry may also include a logic gate having a first input coupled to the output of the latch, a second input coupled to the oscillating signal, and an output generating a count representative of the frequency of the oscillating signal over the counting window.

The count enable signal may be synchronous with the first and second phases.

The count enable signal may be synchronous with pulses of the oscillating signal

The voltage signal may be independent of the at least one resistive sensing bridge.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

One or more embodiments will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the annexed figures, wherein:

FIG. 1 is an exemplary representation of a signal conditioning chain for a sensor system;

FIG. 2, including two portions designated a) and b), respectively, is exemplary of a piezoresistor bridge integrated on a silicon membrane for a pressure sensor;

FIG. 3, again including two portions designated a) and b), respectively, is exemplary of a serpentine-type coil strain sensor and a strain gauge in Wheatstone bridge configuration;

FIG. 4 is an exemplary block diagram of a MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems) pressure sensor;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of one or more embodiments;

FIGS. 6 and 7 are time diagrams exemplary of signals in one or more embodiments;

FIG. 8 is a diagram of time jitter in an oscillator;

FIG. 9 is a diagram exemplary of possible operation of one or more embodiments;

FIG. 10 is exemplary of digital conversion in one or more embodiments;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram exemplary of one or more embodiments;

FIG. 12 includes time diagrams exemplary of signals in one or more embodiments;

FIG. 13 is a block diagram exemplary of one or more embodiments;

FIG. 14 includes time diagrams exemplary of signals in one or more embodiments;

FIG. 15 is exemplary of possible details of one or more embodiments;

FIG. 16 is a block diagram exemplary of one or more embodiments;

FIG. 17 is a block diagram exemplary of one or more embodiments; and

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of one or more embodiments including a plurality of switched resistor pairs.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the ensuing description, one or more specific details are illustrated, aimed at providing an in-depth understanding of examples of embodiments of the instant description. The embodiments may be obtained by one or more of the specific details or with other methods, components, materials, and so on. In other cases, known structures, materials or operations are not illustrated or described in detail so that certain aspects of embodiment will not be obscured.

Reference to “an embodiment” or “one embodiment” in the framework of the present description is intended to indicate a particular configuration, structure, characteristic described in relation to the embodiment is compliance in at least one embodiment. Hence, phrases such as “in an embodiment” or “in one (or more) embodiments” that may be present in one or more points in the present description do not necessarily refer to one and the same embodiment. Moreover, particular conformation, structures or characteristics as exemplified in connection with any of the figures may be combined in any other quite way in one or more embodiments as possibly exemplified in other figures.

The references used herein are provided merely for convenience and hence do not define the extent of protection or the scope of the embodiments.

One or more embodiments may relate to signal conditioning in, for example, “smart” sensor systems.

Such a smart sensor system may include a sensor with an inherent intelligence as provided, for example, by associated electronic interfaces. These may include a signal conditioning chain from a sensor S to an analog-to-digital conversion block ADC, possibly in combination with other blocks such as, for example, power management, memories, microcontrollers and actuators.

In FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a signal conditioning system coupled with a sensor S and including (in a manner known per se) a conditioning and biasing block (CBB) 10, an amplifier (Amp) 12 to amplify the output signal from the block 10, and a low-pass filter (LPF) 14 for low-pass filtering the output signal from the block 10 as amplified by the amplifier 12 and feeding the low-pass filtered signal to an analog-to-digital conversion block ADC.

Electronic circuits as included in such a signal conditioning system may provide a sensor interface for reading out the information conveyed by the signal generated by the sensor S and generating an output signal OUT to be displayed and/or to be further processed.

As indicated, the need is felt for sensor electronic interfaces exhibiting reduced dimensions, low supply voltage and low power consumption characteristics for use, for example, in portable, remote and wireless electronic systems for domestic, industrial, biomedical, automotive and consumer applications.

The following are exemplary of features appreciated for sensor interfaces:

-   -   high sensitivity and resolution;     -   high dynamic range;     -   good linearity;     -   high precision and accuracy;     -   low input noise and offset;     -   long-term temperature stability;     -   reduced silicon area;     -   low effect of parasitic capacitances; and     -   facilitated calibration and compensation of the transducer         characteristics.

Resistive elements may be used as sensors sensitive to temperature, strain, light. Using resistive elements, physical phenomena can be measured, such as fluid or mass flow, relative humidity, forces and strains.

Depending, for example, on sensor design and the physical environment to be measured, sensor resistance values may range from less than 100 Ohm to several hundred kOhms.

Table I below is exemplary of resistance values for different sensors.

TABLE I Sensor resistance value strain gauges 120 Ohm, 350 Ohm, 3500 Ohm load cells 350 Ohm-3500 Ohm pressure sensors 350 Ohm-3500 Ohm relative humidity 100 kOhm-10 MOhm   resistance temperature devices (RTD's) 100 Ohm-1000 Ohm Thermistors 100 Ohm-10 MOhm 

Resistive sensors such as Resistance Temperature Devices (RTD's) and strain gauges produce relatively small percentage changes in resistance (typically less than 1%) over the entire operating range, in response to a change in the physical variable such as temperature or force. Hence, accurately measuring small resistive changes is critical when applying resistive sensors.

An interface circuit extensively used in resistive sensors is based on a Wheatstone bridge configuration. This simple basic solution is capable of converting an impedance (for example, a resistance) variation into a voltage variation.

An exemplary Wheatstone bridge (WB) configuration is a piezoresistor bridge for pressure sensors which corresponds to the electrical circuit shown in FIG. 2, part a) and may include four piezoresistors R₁, R₂ diffused on a silicon diaphragm D implemented on bulk silicon (BS). This Wheatstone bridge configuration may be adopted, for example, in integrated MEMS-based pressure sensors. The mechanical strain generated by external pressure may be sensed as piezoresistive variations ΔR that unbalance the bridge. The main characteristics of a Wheatstone bridge in terms of sensitivity, linearity and offset may be defined by referring to the exemplary layout of FIG. 2.

The differential output voltage generated by the piezoresistive unbalance may be expressed as:

$\begin{matrix} {{\Delta\; V_{out}} = {\frac{\left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{1}}{R_{1}} \right) - \left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{2}}{R_{2}} \right)}{2 + \left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{1}}{R_{1}} \right) + \left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{2}}{R_{2}} \right)} \cdot V_{gen}}} & (1) \\ {\frac{\Delta\; V_{out}}{V_{gen}} \approx {{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left\lbrack {\left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{1}}{R_{1}} \right) - \left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{2}}{R_{2}} \right)} \right\rbrack} + {\frac{1}{4} \cdot \left\lbrack {\left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{2}}{R_{2}} \right)^{2} - \left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{1}}{R_{1}} \right)^{2}} \right\rbrack}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$

In Eq. (2) the first term is the linear sensitivity of the WB, and the second term represents the non-linearity. Therefore:

-   -   in the absence of mismatches, temperature dependence of         resistivity may be fully compensated;     -   the non-linearity error may be minimized if the bridge is         symmetrically unbalanced, i.e., (ΔR₁/R₁)=(ΔR₂/R₂)     -   common-mode noise and disturbances are rejected by a         differential structure in case of ideally matched piezoresistors         R₁ and R₂.

Offset in a Wheatstone bridge is generated by mismatch between the “unforced” (that is un-stressed) resistors R₁, R₂, that is:

$R_{1} = {R_{0} + \frac{\delta\; R}{2}}$ $R_{2} = {R_{0} - \frac{\delta\; R}{2}}$

Hence, the sensitivity of a mismatched Wheatstone bridge may be expressed as:

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{{\Delta V}_{out}}{V_{gen}} \approx {{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left\lbrack {\left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{1}}{R_{1}} \right) - \left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{2}}{R_{2}} \right)} \right\rbrack} + {\frac{1}{4} \cdot \left\lbrack {\left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{2}}{R_{2}} \right)^{2} - \left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{1}}{R_{1}} \right)^{2}} \right\rbrack} + {\frac{\delta\; R}{2R_{0}} \cdot \left\lbrack {1 - \frac{\left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{1}}{R_{1}} \right) - \left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{2}}{R_{2}} \right)}{2}} \right\rbrack}}} & (3) \end{matrix}$

The temperature dependence of the resistors may be modeled as:

$\frac{\Delta\; R}{R} = {{{\alpha_{1} \cdot \Delta}\;{Temp}} + {\alpha_{2} \cdot \left( {\Delta\;{Temp}} \right)^{2}} + \ldots}$ Δ Temp = Temp − Temp_(ref)

where αi are the temperature coefficients of resistance and ΔTemp is the difference between the operative temperature Temp and the reference temperature Temp_(ref) Therefore, resistor mismatch generates a temperature-dependent offset at the output of WB:

$\begin{matrix} {\left( \frac{\Delta\; V_{out}}{V_{gen}} \right)_{offset} = {\frac{\delta\; R}{2R_{0}} \cdot \left\lbrack {1 - {{\alpha_{1} \cdot \Delta}\;{Temp}} - {\alpha_{2} \cdot \left( {\Delta\;{Temp}} \right)^{2}} + \ldots} \right\rbrack}} & (4) \end{matrix}$

As indicated, sensor systems based on a Wheatstone bridge configuration may suffer from a number of drawbacks.

For instance, for low resistivity variations ΔR/R, (for example, piezoresistive variations in pressure sensors may be of the order of a few percent or below) the bridge sensitivity expressed in Eq. (2) may be of the order of few mV/V (output voltage/excitation voltage).

Therefore, obtaining readable values for the output voltage across the bridge ΔV_(out) may be facilitated by a large bias voltage V_(gen) (for example, a bias voltage of 10V in load cell applications), which militates against low-voltage operation and may lead to considerable power consumption of the bridge.

Also, high values for resistivity decrease the current consumption of the bridge but enhance the noise level, thus degrading the signal-to-noise ratio in ΔV_(out). For example, possible values are 0.3÷3 kΩs for piezoresistors in pressure sensors with a bias current in the order of mAmps.

As shown in Table I above, the resistance values of resistive sensors may depend on the physical characteristics of the sensor and the physical environment to be measured.

As a further point, the signal ΔV_(out) may not be suitable to be directly applied to an ADC converter without being amplified and filtered. The amplifier/filter chain introduces noise, nonlinearities and increase the overall power consumption.

The various points outlined in the foregoing may thus militate against the use of Wheatstone bridges in those applications where voltage levels and current consumption are limited, such as, for example, in battery-less passive wireless sensor systems.

This may apply, for instance, to sensor systems for structural health monitoring (SHM). Sensors for SHM applications are expected to operate for years, therefore very low power consumption is preferred feature when energy is expected to be supplied via a battery or harvesting (for example, solar, vibrational, electromagnetic).

Also, metallic or semiconductor strain gauges in Wheatstone bridge configuration are widely used to measure the strain of materials due to an applied force.

FIG. 3 is exemplary of a strain gauge in a serpentine-type coil strain configuration (portion a) and in a Wheatstone bridge configuration including four elements R_(g) ¹, R_(g) ², R_(g) ³, R_(g) ⁴ (portion b).

The product designated LPS331AP commercially available from STMicroelectronics (see, for example, “LPS331AP MEMS pressure sensor, 260-1260 mbar absolute digital output barometer,” ST Datasheet, March 2012, incorporated by reference) is a MEMS monolithic pressure sensor adopting a piezoresistive structure in a Wheatstone bridge configuration integrated on top a silicon membrane.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the ST LPS331AP MEMS pressure sensor.

The following designations apply to the blocks shown in FIG. 4:

-   -   S—sensing element, including a Wheatstone bridge configuration     -   20—MUX to select output between the piezoresistive sensing         element S and a temperature sensor 32     -   22—low-noise analog front end (AFE)     -   24—ADC plus digital filter     -   26—Digital Signal Processor—DSP for temperature compensation     -   28—I²C/SPI serial interfaces (IF)     -   30—sensor bias (SB)     -   32—temperature sensor (Temp)     -   34—voltage and current bias (VCB)     -   36—clock and timing (CT).

One or more embodiments may provide a Switched-Resistor Sensor Bridge (briefly SRSB) arrangement for use, for example, in a MEMS pressure sensor, namely a system which may provide a low-voltage, low-power consumption signal conditioning techniques to measure the resistive variations of a resistive sensor.

In one or more embodiments, the resistive variations in the sensor may be converted into time or frequency variations of an electrical signal.

In one or more embodiments, such a system may provide operation comparable with operation of a signal conditioning system based on a conventional Wheatstone bridge.

In one or more embodiments, such a system (SRSB), as shown in FIG. 5 may include (at least) one pair of switched resistive branches SR1, SR2, including respective sensing resistors R₁, R₂, which may be, for example, piezoresistors diffused on a membrane of a MEMS integrated pressure sensor.

One or more embodiments, as exemplified, for example, in FIG. 18, may include plural pairs of such switched resistive branches. For the sake of simplicity and ease of explanation the following detailed description will refer to embodiments including only one pair of switched resistive branches SR1 and SR2.

The branches SR1, SR2 may be termed “switched” insofar as they include respective switches—for example, semiconductor switches such as MOSFETs—each coupled (for example, in series) with one of the resistors R₁, R₂.

In one or more embodiments, these switches may be controlled as discussed in the following between an “on” (that is conductive) state or phase and an “off” (that is non-conductive) state or phase: consequently, these switches will be referred to herein simply as Φ₁(t), Φ₂(t).

In one or more embodiments, the system shown in FIG. 5 may include an oscillator (OSC) 100.

In one or more embodiments, the oscillator 100 may include a controlled oscillator (for example, a current-controlled oscillator) configured for generating an oscillating signal (for example, a voltage signal) V_(osc) with a frequency F_(osc) (and a period T_(osc)) which is a function (for example, proportional) to a control signal (for example, a current I_(ctrl)).

In one or more embodiments, the system shown in FIG. 5 may include a sensor reference (REF) block 102 (for example, a voltage reference block), configured for providing:

-   -   a first controlled, sensor-independent, signal (for example, a         voltage signal V_(sens)) to the switched-resistive branches SR1,         SR2,     -   a second, sensor-dependent, signal (for example, a current         signal I_(sens)) to the switched-resistive branches; and     -   a third, sensor-dependent, signal (for example, a current signal         I_(ctrl) which is a function of the signal I_(sens)) to the         controlled oscillator block 100.

If R_(sens) is the resistance of one switched-resistive branch SR1, SR2 and K_(c) is the gain of the (for example, current-controlled) oscillator 100 (for example, gain expressed in Hz/Amp), and assuming for the sake of simplicity that I_(ctrl)=I_(sens):

$I_{sens} = \frac{V_{sens}}{R_{sens}}$ $T_{osc} = \frac{R_{sens}}{K_{c} \cdot V_{sens}}$ $F_{osc} = \frac{K_{c} \cdot V_{sens}}{R_{sens}}$

In one or more embodiments, a switched-resistor sensor Bridge (SRSB) as exemplified in FIG. 5 may include, coupled with the switched resistive branches SR1 (for example, R₁ and Φ₁(t) and SR2 (for example, R₂ and Φ₂(t), a “dual” arrangement wherein:

-   -   the oscillator 100 includes a voltage-controlled oscillator in         the place of a current-controlled oscillator; and     -   the reference block 102 includes a sensor current reference in         the place of a sensor voltage reference.

In such a “dual” implementation, the reference block 102 may provide a controlled, sensor-independent current I_(sens) to the switched-resistive branches SR1, SR2; a sensor-dependent voltage V_(sens) to the switched-resistive branches SR1, SR2; a sensor-dependent voltage V_(ctrl), which is a function of V_(sens), to the voltage-controlled oscillator block 100.

As indicated, one or more embodiments (see, for example, FIG. 18) may include plural pairs of switched resistive branches SR1 i and SR2 i (for example, SR₁₁, SR₂₂ to SR_(1N), SR_(2N)) in series or parallel configurations.

In one or more embodiments, operation of a switched-resistor sensor bridge (SRSB) as exemplified herein may include two phases as illustrated in FIG. 6. Again, embodiments including only one pair of switched resistive branches SR1 and SR2 will be discussed for the sake of simplicity and ease of explanation.

In a first phase (Phase 1) the branch SR1 may be enabled (that is, with Φ₁(t) conductive or “on”) and the branch SR2 disabled (that is, with Φ₂(t) non-conductive or “off”), so that variations (ΔR₁/R₁) are time/frequency converted into T_(osc)(Φ₁)/F_(osc)(Φ₁).

In a second phase (Phase 2) the branch SR2 may be enabled (that is, with Φ₂(t) conductive or “on”) and the branch SR1 disabled (that is, with Φ₁(t) non-conductive or “off”), so that variations (ΔR₂/R₂) are time/frequency converted into T_(osc)(Φ₂)/F_(osc)(Φ₂).

In one or more embodiments, the output from the switched-resistor bridge may be given by an algebraic expression of time/frequency (variations) T_(osc)(Φ_(i))/F_(osc)(Φ_(i)) between the phases.

An algebraic expression is a well know designation used in mathematics to designate an expression formed on the basis of the algebraic operations (addition, subtraction or difference, multiplication, division and exponentiation).

In the following, the difference will be considered as exemplary of such an algebraic operation, being otherwise understood that the embodiments are not limited to the possible use of subtraction or difference.

For example, in one or more embodiments, the output from the switched-resistor sensor bridge (SRSB) may be given by the difference of time/frequency (variations) between the two phases, for example, (assuming again, for the sake of simplicity that I_(ctrl)=I_(sens)):

$\begin{matrix} {{\Delta\; T_{osc}} = {{{T_{osc}\left( \Phi_{1} \right)} - {T_{osc}\left( \Phi_{2} \right)}} = {{\frac{R_{1}}{K_{c} \cdot V_{sens}} \cdot \left\lbrack {1 + \left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{1}}{R_{1}} \right)} \right\rbrack} - {\frac{R_{2}}{K_{c} \cdot V_{sens}} \cdot \left\lbrack {1 + \left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{2}}{R_{2}} \right)} \right\rbrack}}}} & (5) \end{matrix}$

By assuming (which is reasonable) that the “unforced” resistors (that is, when ΔR_(sens)=0) are ideally matched, i.e. R₁=R₂, the following can be defined:

-   -   an “unforced” period T_(osc_0) of the V_(osc) signal at a given         reference temperature Temp_(ref):

$T_{{osc}\;\_\; 0} = {\frac{R_{1}}{K_{c} \cdot V_{sens}} = \frac{R_{2}}{K_{c} \cdot V_{sens}}}$

-   -   an “unforced” frequency F_(osc_0) of the V_(osc) signal at a         given reference temperature Temp_(ref).

$F_{{osc}\;\_\; 0} = {\frac{K_{c} \cdot V_{sens}}{R_{1}} = \frac{K_{c} \cdot V_{sens}}{R_{2}}}$

From Eq. (5), the sensitivity of the switched resistor sensor bridge (SRSB) may be expressed as:

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{\Delta\mspace{11mu} T_{osc}}{T_{{osc}\;\_\; 0}} = {\left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{1}}{R_{1}} \right) - \left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{2}}{R_{2}} \right)}} \\ {\frac{\Delta\; F_{osc}}{F_{{osc}\;\_\; 0}} \approx {\left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{2}}{R_{2}} \right) - \left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{1}}{R_{1}} \right) + \left\lbrack {\left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{1}}{R_{1}} \right)^{2} - \left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{2}}{R_{2}} \right)^{2}} \right\rbrack}} \end{matrix}$

An offset may be generated in a switched resistor sensor bridge (SRSB) as exemplified herein due to a mismatch between “unforced” resistors R₁ and R₂:

$R_{1} = {R_{0} + \frac{\delta\; R}{2}}$ $R_{1} = {R_{0} - \frac{\delta\; R}{2}}$

The sensitivity of a switched resistor sensor bridge (SRSB) as exemplified herein may thus be expressed as:

$\begin{matrix} {\mspace{85mu}{{\frac{\Delta\; T_{osc}}{T_{{osc}\;\_\; 0}} = {\left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{1}}{R_{1}} \right) - \left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{2}}{R_{2}} \right) + {\frac{\delta\; R}{R_{0}} \cdot \left\lbrack {1 + \frac{\left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{1}}{R_{1}} \right) + \left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{2}}{R_{2}} \right)}{2}} \right\rbrack}}}{\frac{\Delta\; F_{osc}}{F_{{osc}\;\_\; 0}} \approx {\left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{2}}{R_{2}} \right) - \left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{1}}{R_{1}} \right) + \left\lbrack {\left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{1}}{R_{1}} \right)^{2} - \left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{2}}{R_{2}} \right)^{2}} \right\rbrack - {\frac{\delta\; R}{R_{0}} \cdot \left\{ {1 - \frac{\left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{1}}{R_{1}} \right) + \left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{2}}{R_{2}} \right)}{2} - \frac{\left\lbrack {\left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{1}}{R_{1}} \right) + \left( \frac{\Delta\; R_{2}}{R_{2}} \right)} \right\rbrack^{2}}{2}} \right\}}}}}} & (6) \end{matrix}$

If the temperature dependence of the resistors is modeled as:

$\frac{\Delta\; R}{R} = {{{\alpha_{1} \cdot \Delta}\;{Temp}} + {\alpha_{2} \cdot \left( {\Delta\;{Temp}} \right)^{2}} + \ldots}$ Δ Temp = Temp − Temp_(ref)

the resistor mismatch may generate a temperature-dependent offset at the output of the switched resistor sensor bridge (SRSB):

$\begin{matrix} {{\left( \frac{\Delta\; T_{osc}}{T_{{osc}\;\_\; 0}} \right)_{offset} = {\frac{\delta\; R}{R_{0}} \cdot \left\lbrack {1 + {{\alpha_{1} \cdot \Delta}\;{Temp}} + {\alpha_{2} \cdot \left( {\Delta\;{Temp}} \right)^{2}} + \ldots}\; \right\rbrack}}{\left( \frac{\Delta\; F_{osc}}{F_{{osc}\;\_\; 0}} \right)_{offset} = {{- \frac{\delta\; R}{R_{0}}} \cdot \left\lbrack {1 - {{\alpha_{1} \cdot \Delta}\;{Temp}} - {\alpha_{2} \cdot \left( {\Delta\;{Temp}} \right)^{2}} + \ldots}\; \right\rbrack}}} & (7) \end{matrix}$

By way of comparison with a conventional Wheatstone bridge one may note that:

-   -   a switched resistor sensor bridge (SRSB) may provide performance         comparable with performance of a signal conditioning system         based on a resistive Wheatstone bridge (WB) in terms of         sensitivity, linearity and rejection of temperature dependence         of resistivity,     -   the current flowing in the switched-resistor branches SR1, SR2         may be of the order of a μA (10⁻⁶ A) or below,     -   the output may be in the form of periods/frequencies of signals         rather than voltages,     -   a switched resistor sensor bridge (SRSB) may exhibit a         sensitivity of, for example, twice the sensitivity of a         Wheatstone bridge,     -   sensitivity of a switched resistor sensor bridge (SRSB) may be         thermally compensated against thermal variations of resistivity,     -   non-linearity in the resistive-to-frequency conversion is         reduced if variations of resistivity are arranged symmetrically,         for example, (ΔR₁/R₁)=−(ΔR₂/R₂),     -   the output ΔT_(osc) or ΔF_(osc) may be enhanced by adopting         higher values for the “unforced” period T_(osc_o) or the         “unforced” frequency F_(osc_o) thus making it possible to         dispense with high voltage bias as required in a Wheatstone         bridge,     -   resistivity mismatch produces temperature-dependent offset,     -   signal amplification may not be required in a switched resistor         sensor bridge (SRSB),     -   discrete time filtering may be used to enhance the output         signal-to-noise ratio, for example, by time windowing and         averaging,     -   system architecture facilitates integration.

Accuracy of measurements performed by means of a switched resistor sensor bridge (SRSB) as exemplified herein may be affected by the noise in the time/frequency estimation of the V_(osc) signal.

FIG. 7 is exemplary of the possibility of defining, in one or more embodiments, a N-cycle “count window”:

$\begin{matrix} {{\Delta\;{T_{w}(N)}} = {\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{N - 1}\left( {t_{i + 1} - t_{i}} \right)}} & (8) \end{matrix}$

The measurement of, for example, the period of the (for example, current-controlled) oscillator 100 based on such a N-cycle Count Window may be expressed as:

$\begin{matrix} {T_{{osc}\;\_\; w} = \frac{\Delta\;{T_{w}(N)}}{N}} & (9) \end{matrix}$

As exemplified in FIG. 7 a N-cycle count window ΔT_(W)(N) may be a discrete stochastic process due to jitter, i.e., the uncertainty on transitions time t_(i), generated by noise sources. The jitter is an accumulative process because the time uncertainty increase with measurement interval ΔT_(W); hence, it may increase with the number of cycles N.

From Eq. (9), the standard deviation of the N-cycle count window process may be defined as:

$\begin{matrix} {\sigma_{T_{{osc}\;\_\; w}} = \frac{\sigma_{\Delta\; T_{w}}}{N}} & (10) \end{matrix}$

FIG. 8 is exemplary of measured RMS time jitter of an oscillator. Specifically, FIG. 8 shows by way of example the RMS jitter of an oscillator versus the measurement time on a log-log plot (see, for example, J. McNeill: “Jitter in ring oscillators,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 32, pp. 870-879, June 1997, incorporated by reference).

The standard deviation σ_(ΔTW) of a N-cycle count window process may be characterized in two different cases, for example:

-   -   a “short” N-cycle count window; and     -   a “long” N-cycle count window.

In the case of a “short” N-cycle count window, the random process is white and dominated by uncorrelated noise sources, which are prevalently the thermal noise sources in the controlled oscillator 100.

The RMS jitter may be expressed as σ_(ΔTW)=k√{square root over (ΔTW)} σ_(ΔT) _(W) =k√{square root over (ΔT_(W) )} (curve (A) in FIG. 8—see—for example, J. McNeill, already cited), hence from Eq. (8) and Eq. (10):

$\begin{matrix} {\sigma_{T_{{osc}\;\_\; w}} = {\frac{\kappa\sqrt{\Delta\;{T_{w}(N)}}}{N} \propto \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}}} & (11) \end{matrix}$

In the case of a “long” N-cycle count window, the random process is dominated by correlated noise sources, such as, for example:

-   -   the substrate and supply noise sources and the low-frequency         noise sources, such us the I/f noise, in the (for example,         current controlled) oscillator 100,     -   the noise in the (for example, current) control signal of the         oscillator 100.

The RMS jitter is σ_(ΔTw)=ζΔTw σ_(ΔT) _(w) =ζΔT_(w) (curve (B) in FIG. 8: see, for example, C. Liu et al.: “Jitter in oscillators with 1/f noise sources,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2004, pp. 773-776 or A. A. Abidi: “Phase Noise and Jitter in CMOS Ring Oscillators,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 41, pp. 1803-1816, August 2006).

Hence from Eq. (8) and Eq. (10):

$\begin{matrix} {\sigma_{T_{{osc}\;\_\; w}} = {\frac{\zeta\;\Delta\;{T_{w}(N)}}{N} \approx {const}}} & (12) \end{matrix}$

In such case, the standard deviation is almost independent of the duration (or number of cycles N) of the N-cycle count window.

Eqs. (11) and (12) show that accuracy in the measurement of T_(osc) may be enhanced by enlarging the N-cycle count window up to an upper value where correlated noise sources start to dominate in the time jitter process.

In one or more embodiments accuracy may be increased with measurements averaged over M phases, as exemplified in in FIG. 9, which shows a measurement of, for example, T_(osc) averaged over M phases, 1^(st) PH to M^(th) PH.

FIG. 10 schematically represents the digitalization process based on the N-cycle count windows W1 and W2 (Eqs. (8) and (9)) followed by quantization Q1, Q2 and the M-averaging AV over M phases (as exemplified in FIG. 9).

For instance, with the following definitions:

$\left\lbrack T_{{osc}\;\_\; w} \right\rbrack_{\phi_{i}} = {{\frac{\left\lbrack {\Delta\;{T_{w}(N)}} \right\rbrack_{\phi_{i}}}{N}\left\lbrack T_{{osc}\;\_\; w} \right\rbrack}_{\phi_{i}} = \frac{\left\lbrack {\Delta\;{T_{w}(N)}} \right\rbrack_{\phi_{i}}}{N}}$

-   -   the period of the oscillator 100 estimated during the i-th         phase,     -   Q(t) the quantization noise of the analog-to-digital conversion,     -   the output may be represented as the discrete process         ΔT_(osc_meas) ^(ΔT) ^(osc_meas) , which represents the measure         of the “real” value of ΔT_(osc) given by Eq. (5).

The mean value of the process ΔT_(osc_meas) may be expressed as:

$\begin{matrix} {{E\left\{ {\Delta\; T_{{osc}\;\_\;{meas}}} \right\}} = \frac{{E\left\{ \left\lbrack {\Delta\;{T_{w}(N)}} \right\rbrack_{\phi_{1}} \right\}} - {E\left\{ \left\lbrack {\Delta\;{T_{w}(N)}} \right\rbrack_{\phi_{2}} \right\}}}{N \cdot M}} & (13) \end{matrix}$

The accuracy of the measurement of ΔT_(osc) is related to the standard deviation of the process ΔT_(osc_meas):

$\begin{matrix} {\sigma_{\Delta\; T_{{osc}\;\_\;{meas}}} = {\sqrt{\frac{2}{M}} \cdot \sqrt{\left( \frac{\sigma_{\Delta\; T_{w}}}{N} \right)^{2} + \left( \sigma_{q} \right)^{2}}}} & (14) \end{matrix}$

-   -   where:     -   σΔTw is the standard deviation of the N-cycle count window         process     -   σ_(qσ) _(q) is the standard deviation of quantization process.

By dual reasoning, if a N-cycle count window is used to provide a measurement of a differential oscillation frequency ΔF_(osc), the standard deviation of the corresponding discrete process ΔF_(osc_meas) may be (approximately) given by:

$\begin{matrix} {\sigma_{\Delta\; F_{{osc}\;\_\;{meas}}} \approx \frac{\sigma_{\Delta\; T_{{osc}\;\_\;{meas}}}}{E\left\{ {\Delta\; T_{{osc}\;\_\;{meas}}} \right\}^{2}}} & (15) \end{matrix}$

A number of possible implementations of one or more embodiments will now be described by way of example only.

For instance, FIG. 11 is exemplary of a switched-resistor sensor bridge (SRSB) as discussed in the foregoing with asynchronous N-cycle count window.

In this exemplary implementation, pulses generated by the (for example, current-controlled) oscillator 100 may be processed by a time-to-digital converter and processing block (TDC) 200 to provide an output signal OUT.

A control and phase generator (Phase) block 202, clocked by a clock generator (Clock) 204, may control the N-cycle count window duration by means of a COUNT_(ENABLE) control signal synchronized with the generated phases of turning the switches Φ₁ and Φ₂ on and off as discussed previously.

In one or more embodiments, the COUNT_(ENABLE) signal may not be synchronized with the V_(osc) pulses.

In one or more embodiments, the COUNT_(ENABLE) signal and the V_(osc) pulses may be fed to an AND gate 206 to produce a signal V_(count) for feeding to the time-to-digital converter and processing block 200.

The time diagram of FIG. 12 is exemplary of operation of such a switched-resistor sensor bridge (SRSB) with asynchronous N-cycle count window.

In FIG. 12, for a given i-th phase Φ_(i):

-   -   the control and phase generator block enables the oscillator 100         to oscillate at T_(osc) (Φ₁),     -   the COUNT_(ENABLE) signal, generated by the control and phase         generator block 202, enables pulses of V_(osc) signal to pass         through the AND gate 206. A delay τ_(D) between the rising edges         of Φ_(i) and the COUNT_(ENABLE) allows the oscillator 100 to         settle to stable oscillations.

In one or more embodiments, the on-time duration of COUNT_(ENABLE) signal may be fixed for all Φ_(i) phases.

Both the number of passed pulses [N]_(Φi) and the duration of the window [ΔT_(W)(N)]_(Φi) may be measured by the time-to-digital converter and processing block 200 in order to estimate the oscillator period as:

$\begin{matrix} {\left\lbrack T_{{osc}\;\_\; w} \right\rbrack_{\phi_{i}} = \frac{\left\lbrack {\Delta\;{T_{w}(N)}} \right\rbrack_{\phi_{i}}}{\lbrack N\rbrack_{\phi_{i}}}} & (16) \end{matrix}$

For instance, FIG. 13 is exemplary of a switched-resistor sensor bridge (SRSB) as discussed in the foregoing with synchronous N-cycle count window.

In this implementation, a N-cycle count window may be synchronous with the V_(osc) pulses. A control and phase generator block 302 clocked by a clock generator 304 controls the duration of N-cycle count window by means of a COUNT_(ENABLE) control signal synchronized with the generated phases Φ₁ and Φ₂.

In one or more embodiments, generation of the N-cycle count window may be implemented by a latched gate block 306 which receives the V_(osc) signal and forwards a corresponding signal V_(count) to a time-to-digital converter block (TDC) 300 where digitalization and processing (i.e., time differences) may be performed.

An N-counter block (N-count) 308 sensitive to the V_(count) signal is provided configured to generate a COUNT_(STOP) signal to be fed to the control and phase generator block (Phase) 302.

The time diagram of FIG. 14 is exemplary of operation of such a switched-resistor sensor bridge (SRSB) with synchronous N-Cycle count window (in the example shown N=7).

Referring to FIG. 14, for a given i-th phase Φ_(i):

-   -   the control and phase generator block 302 enables the oscillator         100 to oscillate at T_(osc) (Φ₁),     -   the control and phase generator block 302 enables, by means of         the COUNT_(ENABLE) signal, the latched gate block (latch) 306.

Thanks to latching, the V_(osc) pulses start to pass at the first rising edge after COUNT_(ENABLE) signal has gone to high.

A delay τ_(D) between the rising edges of Φ_(i) and COUNT_(ENABLE) allows the oscillator 100 to settle to stable oscillations.

In one or more embodiments, the signal V_(count) is fed back to the N-counter block 308. As a result of a N-th pulse of V_(count) being counted, the N-counter 308 feeds a COUNT_(STOP) signal to the control and phase generator block 302 that drives the COUNT_(ENABLE) signal to low level.

The latched gate block is thus disabled at the falling edge of the N-th pulse of V_(count), until the current phase Φ_(i) expires and a subsequent phase Φ_(i+1) is started.

In one or more embodiments, the duration of the window [ΔT_(W)(N)]_(Φi) may be measured by the time-to-digital converter and processing block 300 to estimate the oscillator period (with N known a-priori, as set in the N-counter block 308) as:

$\begin{matrix} {\left\lbrack T_{{osc}\;\_\; w} \right\rbrack_{\phi_{i}} = \frac{\left\lbrack {\Delta\;{T_{w}(N)}} \right\rbrack_{\phi_{i}}}{N}} & (17) \end{matrix}$

The block diagram of FIG. 15 is exemplary of a possible implementation of the latched gate block, including, for example:

-   -   a D-LATCH 306 a enabled by V_(osc) and receiving the         COUNT_(ENABLE) signal at its D input, and     -   an AND gate 306 b having V_(osc) and the output Q from the         D-LATCH 306 a as inputs.

FIG. 16 is exemplary of a switched-resistor sensor bridge (SRSB) as discussed in the foregoing with asynchronous N-cycle count window and wireless digital conversion in a reader device.

FIG. 17 is exemplary of a switched-resistor sensor bridge (SRSB) as discussed in the foregoing with synchronous N-cycle count window and wireless digital conversion in a reader.

In both FIGS. 16 and 17 parts or elements (for example, blocks) corresponding to parts or elements already discussed in the foregoing (for example, in connection with FIGS. 11 and 13) are indicated with the same reference numerals, thus making it unnecessary to describe them again.

For both implementations of FIGS. 16 and 17 a switched-resistor sensor bridge (SRSB) may be coupled in a wireless sensor network (including, for example, a sensor node SN) wherein signals generated by the sensor can be digitized and processed in a reader R.

In one or more embodiments, the sensor node SN may be active, semi-active or passive.

For instance, in one or more embodiments, data from the sensor SN may be transmitted to the reader R by, for example, carrier-based (for example, RF) TX modulation or backscattering modulation.

To that effect, in one or more embodiments, the sensor node SN may include a transmitter (for example, a RF modulator) 400, 500 configured to receive the signal V_(count) and transmit it to the reader R.

The reader R may in turn include a receiver 402, 502 (for example, a RF demodulator) to receive the signal transmitted and forward it to a cascaded time-to-digital converter and processing block 200, 300.

One or more embodiments may thus provide:

-   -   differential measurement of pairs of resistive sensors by a         switching resistor technique,     -   resistive-to-time/resistive-to-frequency conversion,     -   time-discrete filtering by N-cycle count windowing and         averaging,     -   time-to-digital/frequency-to-digital conversion.

By way of example, a switched-resistor sensor bridge (SRSB) with asynchronous N-cycle count window and wireless digital conversion at a reader (see, for example, FIG. 16) may be implemented in a CMOS silicon integrated pressure sensor for health monitoring of concrete structures (SHM) by resorting to 0.13-μm HCMOS9A ST Microelectronics technology, with wafer plane (001), with a membrane area of 500×500 μm², thickness=100 μm and N-type diffused piezoresistors, <100> oriented. Exemplary parameters for such an implementation may include:

-   -   F_(osc) (nominal)=1 MHz     -   N-cycle count window=256     -   M-phases=20     -   I_(sens) about 1.7 μA.

As indicated, one or more embodiments (see, for example, FIG. 18) may include plural pairs of switched resistive branches SR1 i and SR2 i (for example, SR₁₁, SR₂₂ to SR_(1N), SR_(2N)) in series or parallel configurations. The various aspects of embodiments discussed previously by referring (for the sake of simplicity and ease of explanation) to embodiments including only one pair of switched resistive branches SR1 and SR2 apply mutatis mutandis to embodiments including plural pairs of switched resistive branches.

One or more embodiments may thus provide a sensor including:

-   -   one (see, for example, FIG. 5) or more (see, for example,         FIG. 18) resistive sensing bridges including a first sensing         branch (for example, SR1) with a first sensing resistor (for         example, R₁) and a second sensing branch (for example, SR2) with         a second sensing resistor (for example, R₂), said sensing         resistors (for example, R₁, R₂) having variable (for example,         ΔR₁, ΔR₂) resistance values in response to a change in a         physical variable sensed,     -   an oscillator (for example, 100) configured for generating an         oscillation signal (for example, V_(osc)), the oscillator         controlled by an oscillator control signal (for example,         I_(ctrl)) wherein the frequency (for example, F_(osc)) resp. the         period (for example, T_(osc)) of the oscillation signal is a         function of said control signal,     -   a sensor reference module (for example, 102) configured for         generating said oscillator control signal as a function of the         resistance value of a resistor coupled therewith, the sensor         reference module couplable (see, for example, Φ₁, Φ₂) with said         first sensing resistor or, alternatively, with said second         sensing resistor,     -   a processing circuit (for example, 202, 204 or 206; 302, 304,         306, 308) coupled to said oscillator to provide a sensor signal         (for example, V_(count)) indicative of the frequency or the         period of said oscillation signal, said sensor signal having         first (for example, T_(osc)(Φ₁); [ΔT_(W)(N)]_(Φ1)) and second         (for example, T_(osc)(Φ₂); [ΔT_(W)(N)]_(Φ2)) values with the         sensor reference module coupled with the first sensing resistor         and with the second sensing resistor, respectively, wherein said         first and second values are (jointly) indicative of said sensed         physical variable.

That is, in one or more embodiments a value for the sensed physical variable may be derived as a function of said first and second values.

One or more embodiments may thus include a converter circuit (for example, 200, 300) configured for calculating an algebraic expression (for example, addition, subtraction or difference, multiplication, division or exponentiation), optionally the difference, of said first and second values wherein said algebraic expression is indicative of said sensed physical variable.

In one or more embodiments such an algebraic expression of the frequency or the period of the oscillation signal with the sensor reference module coupled with the first sensing resistor and with the second sensing resistor, respectively, is independent by the temperature dependence of resistivity of said sensing resistors.

In one or more embodiments, said converter circuit may be configured for averaging said algebraic expression over a plurality of M conversion phases.

In one or more embodiments, said sensor reference module may be configured for providing:

-   -   a controlled, sensor-independent reference signal (for example,         V_(sens)) to the first sensing branch and the second sensing         branch of said resistive sensing bridge, and/or     -   a sensor-dependent reference signal (for example, I_(sens)) to         the first sensing branch and the second sensing branch of said         resistive sensing bridge, said oscillator control signal being         optionally a function of said sensor-dependent reference signal.

In one or more embodiments, said first sensing branch and said second sensing branch may each include a sensing resistor coupled with a switch (for example, Φ₁, Φ₂) controllable (for example, 202) for coupling said sensing resistor with the sensor reference module.

In one or more embodiments, said processing circuit may include counting circuitry for detecting the frequency or the period of the oscillation signal from said controlled oscillator over a counting window (for example, [N]Φ₁, [N]Φ₂) including a plurality of N cycles of said oscillation signal.

In one or more embodiments, said counting circuitry may include a latch module configured for synchronizing said counting window with said oscillation signal.

In one or more embodiments, said counting circuitry may include a delay (for example, τ_(D)) in starting detecting said oscillation signal to permit said controlled oscillator to settle to stable oscillations.

One or more embodiments may include a plurality of said resistive sensing bridges (see, for example, FIG. 18) including a first sensing branch (for example, SR₁₁, . . . , S_(1N)) with a first sensing resistor (for example, R₁₁, . . . , R_(1N)) and a second sensing branch (for example, SR₂₁, . . . , SR_(2N)) with a second sensing resistor (for example, R₂₁, . . . , R_(2N)).

In one or more embodiments, said plurality of resistive sensing bridges may be arranged in series or in parallel configuration.

In one or more embodiments, said sensing resistors may include piezoresistive resistors.

In one or more embodiments, the sensor may include a MEMS sensor (for example, S).

One or more embodiments, may include a transmitter (for example, 400, 500) configured for generating from said sensor signal (V_(count)) a readout signal indicative of said sensed physical variable.

One or more embodiments may provide a sensor system (see, for example, SN, R in FIGS. 16 and 17), including:

-   -   a sensor node (for example, SN) including a sensor according to         one or more embodiments, and     -   a reader (for example, R) including a receiver (for example,         402, 502) couplable to said transmitter for receiving from said         transmitter said readout signal indicative of said sensed         physical variable.

In one or more embodiments, said reader may include converter circuitry (see, for example, 200, 300 in FIGS. 16 and 17) configured for converting said readout signal into a, optionally digital, output signal (for example, OUT) indicative of said sensed physical variable.

In one or more embodiments, said reader (R) may include a converter circuit (for example, 200, 300 in FIGS. 16 and 17) configured for calculating an algebraic expression, optionally the difference, of said first and second values wherein said algebraic expression is indicative of said sensed physical variable.

In one or more embodiments, said converter circuit may be configured for averaging said algebraic expression over a plurality of M conversion phases.

One or more embodiments may provide a method of sensing a physical variable, the method including:

-   -   providing at least one resistive sensing bridge including a         first sensing branch with a first sensing resistor and a second         sensing branch with a second sensing resistor, said sensing         resistors having variable resistance values in response to a         change in a physical variable sensed,     -   generating an oscillation signal wherein the frequency or the         period of the oscillation signal is a function of an oscillator         control signal, wherein the method includes generating said         oscillator control signal as a function of the resistance value         of a resistor selected alternatively between said first sensing         resistor and said second sensing resistor,     -   processing said oscillation signal to provide a sensor signal         indicative of the frequency or the period of said oscillation         signal, said sensor signal having first and second values with         said oscillator control signal generated as a function of the         resistance value of said first sensing resistor and of said         second sensing resistor, respectively, wherein said first and         second values are (jointly) indicative of said sensed physical         variable.

Without prejudice to the underlying principles, the details and the embodiments may vary, even significantly, with respect to what has been disclosed by way of example only in the foregoing, without departing from the extent of protection.

The extent of protection is defined by the annexed claims. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A circuit, comprising: at least one resistive sensing bridge comprising first and second sensing branches coupled in parallel, the first sensing branch comprised of a first variable resistor in series with a first switch, the second sensing branch comprised of a second variable resistor in series with a second switch, wherein the first variable resistor has a resistance that varies in response to change in a sensed physical variable, and wherein the second variable resistor has a resistance that varies in response to change in the sensed physical variable; wherein the first and second sensing branches are controlled to switch between first and second phases, with the first switch being closed and the second switch being open during the first phase to generate a variable sense current, and with the first switch being open and the second switch being closed during the second phase to generate the variable sense current; a sensor reference block configured to generate a control signal as a function of the resistance of the first variable resistor during the first phase and the resistance of the second variable resistor during the second phase; an oscillator configured to generate an oscillating signal during the first phase based upon the variable sense current during the first phase, and during the second phase based upon the variable sense current during the second phase; and processing circuitry configured to determine a value of the sensed physical variable as a function of an algebraic combination of the oscillating signal during the first phase and the oscillating signal during the second phase.
 2. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the first switch comprises a first transistor; and wherein the second switch comprises a second transistor.
 3. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the oscillator comprises a current controlled oscillator; and wherein the control signal comprises a control current.
 4. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the oscillator comprises a voltage controlled oscillator; and wherein the control signal comprises a control voltage.
 5. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry determines the value of the sensed physical value by: during the first phase, generating the control signal so as to convert variations in the resistance of the first variable resistor to first frequency and/or period variations of the oscillating signal; during the second phase, generating the control signal so as to convert variations in the resistance of the second variable resistor to second frequency and/or period variations of the oscillating signal.
 6. A circuit, comprising: at least one resistive sensing bridge comprising first and second sensing branches coupled in parallel, the first sensing branch comprised of a first variable resistor in series with a first switch, the second sensing branch comprised of a second variable resistor in series with a second switch, wherein the first variable resistor has a resistance that varies in response to change in a sensed physical variable, and wherein the second variable resistor has a resistance that varies in response to change in the sensed physical variable; wherein the first and second sensing branches are controlled to switch between first and second phases, with the first switch being closed and the second switch being open during the first phase, and with the first switch being open and the second switch being closed during the second phase; a sensor reference block having first and second terminals across which a voltage signal is applied, the at least one resistive sensing bridge being coupled between the first and second terminals such that a variable sense current flows in the at least one resistive sensing bridge; wherein the sensor reference block is configured to generate a control signal as a function of the variable sense current, the variable sense current being a function of the resistance of the first variable resistor during the first phase and the resistance of the second variable resistor during the second phase; an oscillator configured to generate an oscillating signal during the first phase based upon the variable sense current during the first phase, and during the second phase based upon the variable sense current during the second phase; and processing circuitry including counting circuitry configured to detect a frequency of the oscillating signal over a counting window including a plurality of cycles of the oscillating signal, the processing circuitry configured to determine a value of the sensed physical variable as a function of the frequency of the oscillating signal during the plurality of cycles of the oscillating signal.
 7. The circuit of claim 6, further comprising a phase generator block configured to generate first and second phase signals for the first and second switches, with the first phase signal operating to close the first switch and open the second switch during the first phase, and with the second phase signal operating to open the first switch and close the second switch during the second phase.
 8. The circuit of claim 7, further comprising a logic gate having a first input coupled to receive the oscillating signal, a second input coupled to receive a count enable signal from the phase generator block, and an output generating a count signal; and wherein the count enable signal is synchronized to the first phase signal and/or second phase signal.
 9. The circuit of claim 8, wherein the processing circuitry receives a representation of the count signal, and detects the frequency of the oscillating signal over the counting window based upon the representation of the count signal.
 10. The circuit of claim 9, wherein the at least one resistive sensing bridge, sensor reference block, oscillator, phase generator block, and logic gate are contained within a sensor node; wherein the processing circuitry is contained within a reader external to the sensor node.
 11. The circuit of claim 10, wherein a transmitter is also contained within the sensor node and transmits the representation of the count signal; and wherein a receiver is also contained within the reader and receives the representation of the count signal and passes the representation of the count signal to the processing circuitry.
 12. The circuit of claim 11, wherein the transmitter transmits the representation of the count signal using carrier based modulation.
 13. The circuit of claim 11, wherein the transmitter transmits the representation of the count signal using backscattering modulation.
 14. The circuit of claim 6, wherein the counting circuitry includes a latch module configured to synchronize the counting window with the oscillating signal.
 15. The circuit of claim 6, wherein the counting circuitry includes: a latch enabled by the oscillating signal, having an input receiving a count enable signal, and having an output; and a logic gate having a first input coupled to the output of the latch, a second input coupled to the oscillating signal, and an output generating a count representative of the frequency of the oscillating signal over the counting window.
 16. The circuit of claim 15, wherein the count enable signal is synchronous with the first and second phases.
 17. The circuit of claim 15, wherein the count enable signal is synchronous with pulses of the oscillating signal.
 18. The circuit of claim 15, wherein the voltage signal is independent of the at least one resistive sensing bridge. 